What is Language? A Story About a Little Boy, a Binder and a Mother's Tears

May is National Speech-Language-Hearing Month, a time when speech-language pathologists across the country pause to reflect on why this work matters. This year I'm marking the month a little differently. Instead of facts and infographics I'm sharing real stories. These are moments that shaped the way I think about communication. It is my “why”.

This is the first one.

The Classroom

Early in my career I was placed in a self-contained preschool classroom with a child who had no functional words and no way to communicate with the world around him.

I had no training for this. No formal resources. My graduate program had introduced the concept of augmentative and alternative communication — AAC — and mentioned an approach called PECS, the Picture Exchange Communication System. But ‘mentioned’ is the right word. There was no hands-on training, no supervisor to call and no roadmap for what to actually do when you are standing in front of a four year old who has something to say and no way to say it.

So I leaned into the discomfort of not knowing and started teaching myself. I stayed up late after work, night after night, teaching myself. I read everything I could find about PECS. I gathered materials. I built a communication binder from scratch — velcro strips across the pages, small picture cards representing the things that mattered to this child. His favorite foods. His favorite toys. The people he loved.

I brought it in and we tried it together — this little child and me — not knowing if it would work.

It worked.

He started making requests, choosing what he wanted and telling us things. Not with spoken words but with intention, with meaning and with power. He would select a picture card and hand it to me and in that exchange something profound was happening. He was communicating. He was being understood.

And then I brought his mom into the school to show her.

She cried.

What That Moment Taught Me

I think about that classroom often and especially when someone asks me what speech and language therapy is really about.

Because experience has a way of making theory real and this moment made it very real:

Speech and language are not the same thing.

Speech is the production of sound. It is the physical, motor act of forming words with our mouths. It is one channel of communication. An important one but only one.

Language is something much bigger. Language is symbolic communication. It is the system we use to represent the world around us and share it with someone else. Language can live in spoken words but it can also live in pictures, in signs, in gestures, in writing and in a laminated binder that becomes a four year old's voice to the world.

That little boy had no speech. But he had language. He had thoughts, preferences, feelings and needs. He had something to say — he just needed a way to say it.

When we gave him that way, everything changed. Not just for him but also for his family. For the relationship between a mother and her child that had been constrained by the absence of a shared communication system.

That is what augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) does. It does not replace speech. It does not prevent speech from developing. What the research tells us, and what I have seen over and over in my clinical work, is that giving a child a means to communicate actually supports language development. It reduces frustration and builds connection. It gives a child power over their own life.

What This Means for Your Family

If you have a child who is not yet speaking or whose speech is not yet functional enough to meet their daily communication needs please know this:

Your child has language. It may not look the way you expected. It may not sound the way you hoped. But the capacity to communicate, to connect, to reach out from inside themselves and touch another person is there. Our job as speech-language pathologists is to find the pathway that works for your child and build it.

PECS is one approach. There are others — high tech AAC devices, sign language, visual supports, and more. Every child is different and every communication system should be built around the specific child in front of us.

If you have been told to wait and see, or that introducing AAC will prevent your child from developing speech, I encourage you to seek a second opinion. The evidence does not support that position. What the evidence does support is early intervention, a robust communication system, and a family that is empowered to communicate with their child at home.

That mother's tears in that classroom were not just tears of relief. They were tears of reconnection. Of suddenly being able to know what her child needed, wanted and felt.

Every family deserves that. 💜

Where Did the Textbooks Go? What the Disappearance of Complex Text Is Doing to the Learning Brain

A few weeks ago I reached out to a local elementary school to ask about the science textbook their students were using. I never got a response. What I did receive was a study guide, a condensed, pre-digested summary of the content, with all the complex parts already removed.

So I started asking around. I spoke to three different high schoolers from three different local counties and asked them a simple question: do you have textbooks for any of your classes?

Not one of them said yes. Not even an online version.

I want to be clear that I am not sharing this to point fingers at teachers or schools. I know they are working within systems and constraints that are genuinely difficult. But as a speech-language pathologist who works with children and teens every day, this pattern concerns me deeply. And I think it's worth talking about.

What Complex Text Actually Does to the Brain

When a child sits with a dense, complex chapter and works through it, their brain is doing something remarkable. It isn't just decoding words. It is:

— Building and holding a mental model across multiple paragraphs

— Connecting new information to things already stored in long term memory

— Inferring meaning from context when a word or concept is unfamiliar

— Monitoring comprehension

— noticing when something doesn't make sense and going back

— Synthesizing ideas across sections to form a bigger picture

These are not just reading skills. They are thinking skills. And they are built through repeated exposure to text that is just beyond comfortable. This is what researchers call the productive struggle zone. The difficulty is not a design flaw. It is the whole point.

Why Textbooks Matter Specifically And Why Random Passages Aren't the Same Thing

This is where I want to make an argument that I don't hear made often enough.

Replacing textbooks with random reading comprehension passages is not an equivalent swap. Not even close.

A textbook builds cumulative knowledge where each chapter connects to the last. Vocabulary introduced in chapter two reappears in chapter five. Concepts layer on top of each other deliberately in the same way knowledge actually builds in the brain over time.

A random passage about penguins followed by an unrelated passage about the American Revolution teaches a child to read in isolation. It never teaches them to think in a connected, sustained way across a subject. The brain gets practice at starting over not at building a complete schema about a new concept.

This distinction matters enormously, and it is one of the reasons I believe the shift away from textbooks is having a deeper impact than most people realize.

Why This Is an SLP's Concern

You might be wondering what a speech-language pathologist has to do with textbooks. The answer is: everything.

Language is the engine that drives all of this. Vocabulary, syntax, background knowledge, narrative structure are the tools the brain uses to process complex text. When children are not regularly exposed to rich, challenging language in print, those tools do not develop the way they need to.

The impact is not just academic. The ability to read, hold, and reason through complex information is the foundation of critical thinking.

What You Can Do at Home

None of this is the fault of parents or teachers. We are all working within systems that have quietly shifted without asking whether the tradeoff was worth it. But awareness is where change begins and there is a lot you can do at home to bridge the gap.

1. Read aloud together — above their level. Choose a book, article, or chapter that is slightly too hard for them to read independently and read it aloud together. Hearing complex language while following along builds vocabulary, syntax, and comprehension in ways independent reading can't yet reach.

2. Pause and talk through unfamiliar words. When your child encounters a word they don't know — don't skip it. Stop, talk about what it might mean from context, then look it up together. That moment of productive struggle is exactly where vocabulary growth happens.

3. Ask "what's the big idea?" after every chapter. Not "what happened" — but "what is this really about?" Pushing your child to synthesize rather than just recall builds the critical thinking muscle that complex text is designed to develop.

4. Bring back the dinner table current event. Share a news story, a magazine article, or even a long-form podcast at the dinner table and talk about it. Exposure to complex ideas through spoken language builds the same cognitive pathways as reading challenging text.

5. Don't rescue them too quickly. When your child hits a hard passage and wants to give up — sit with them in it for a moment before jumping in. The productive struggle is not a sign something is wrong. It is the learning happening.

If you are noticing that your child struggles to process and retain information from longer or more complex texts and you want to understand what's happening and what can be done, I'd love to connect.

Why a Psycho-Ed or Neuropsych Evaluation Alone May Not Give Your Child the Full Picture

When a child is struggling in school, the first step many families are directed toward is a psycho-educational or neuropsychological evaluation — either through the school system or privately. These evaluations are an important and valuable part of understanding your child. They assess cognitive ability, academic achievement, processing speed, memory, and attention, and for many families they are the first time anyone takes their child's struggles seriously on paper.

But here is something that often surprises parents: these evaluations are not designed to assess language.

And for a significant number of children, language is exactly where the problem lives.

What These Evaluations Measure — and What Falls Outside Their Scope

Psychologists and neuropsychologists are highly trained professionals. Their evaluations typically cover:

• Cognitive (IQ) testing

• Academic achievement in reading, writing, and math

• Processing speed and working memory

• Attention and executive function

Language processing — how a child understands and uses spoken language, their vocabulary depth, sentence comprehension, semantic organization, narrative organization, phonological awareness, and word retrieval — falls outside the scope of what these evaluations are designed to measure. That is the specialized domain of a speech-language pathologist, and it requires its own dedicated assessment.

This is not a gap in the psychologist's skill. It is simply a recognition that no single professional can assess everything, and that children with complex profiles benefit most when multiple specialists contribute to the picture.

What Gets Missed Without a Language Evaluation

A child can score in the average range on cognitive testing and still have a language disorder quietly driving their reading difficulties, their struggles to express ideas in writing, or their challenges following classroom instruction. Without a speech-language evaluation in the picture, that piece goes unidentified — and unaddressed.

Many of the children we see at ThinkSpeech arrive with a thorough neuropsych or psycho-ed report in hand. The cognitive and academic picture is clear. What the family is still missing is an understanding of the language layer underneath — and once that is mapped, everything else starts to make more sense.

What a Multi-Disciplinary Assessment Looks Like

When a psychologist or neuropsychologist and a speech-language pathologist work together — or when their findings are reviewed and integrated — families get a genuinely complete picture. The cognitive profile and the language profile sit side by side, and patterns emerge that neither evaluation would reveal alone.

At ThinkSpeech Therapy, we have established relationships with a select group of trusted psychologists and are actively working to grow a model that brings collaborative, multi-disciplinary integrated assessments to Northern Virginia families. Our vision is that families never have to piece together the picture on their own — and that every child receives one integrated set of recommendations based on a holistic picture of who they are and how they learn. We welcome referrals from evaluation professionals and are always happy to consult on complex cases where the language piece may be contributing to what a family is experiencing.

Signs That a Speech-Language Evaluation Should Be Part of the Process

Consider requesting an SLP evaluation alongside or following a psycho-ed or neuropsych evaluation if your child:

• Struggles with reading or spelling despite cognitive scores in the average range

• Has difficulty organizing thoughts in writing

• Struggles to follow multi-step directions or classroom instructions

• Has word-finding difficulties or talks around words they can't retrieve

• Has been diagnosed with dyslexia but therapy hasn't moved the needle

• Has a history of epilepsy, a neurological condition, or early language concerns

• Has a history of language or speech delay as a preschooler

You Deserve the Full Picture

A plan that addresses only part of what's happening can only produce partial results. Your child deserves a complete picture — and you deserve to understand it fully.

ThinkSpeech Therapy offers comprehensive speech-language evaluations for children, teens, and adults in Fairfax, Ashburn and across Virginia via telehealth. If your child has not yet been evaluated, we can coordinate a collaborative assessment with one of our psychology partners — so your family receives a complete, integrated picture from the very beginning. If your child has an existing psycho-ed or neuropsych report and you'd like to understand what the language piece might add, we'd love to connect.

If My Child Can Talk, They Don't Have Social Communication Difficulties" — Busting One of the Most Common Autism Myths

"If My Child Can Talk, They Don't Have Social Communication Difficulties" — Busting One of the Most Common Autism Myths

This Autism Acceptance Month, I want to address one of the most common misconceptions I encounter in my practice — one that leads to children and adults going unidentified and unsupported for years.

"But they can talk. They seem fine."

It sounds reassuring. But for many autistic individuals, it is exactly the kind of assumption that means their real challenges never get the attention they deserve.

Being Verbal and Having Strong Social Communication Are Not the Same Thing

Speech and social communication are two entirely different skill sets. A child can have a rich vocabulary, speak in full sentences, tell you everything they know about their favorite topic in extraordinary detail — and still find navigating everyday social situations genuinely exhausting and confusing.

This surprises a lot of parents. And it surprises a lot of teachers, pediatricians, and even some evaluators. Because when a child can talk, the assumption is that communication is handled. It isn't.

Part of what makes social communication so challenging for many autistic individuals is that it is rooted in a fundamental difference in how they experience the world and other people — not a deficit, but a genuinely different neurological orientation. Neurotypical social interaction is built on a set of unspoken assumptions about eye contact, tone, timing, and implied meaning that feel intuitive to non-autistic people because the world was largely designed around how they process it. For autistic individuals, those same interactions can feel like navigating a social rulebook that was written in another language — one they were never given a copy of. The exhaustion doesn't come from not caring. It comes from the constant effort of translating.

So What Is Social Communication?

Social communication is the complex, largely unspoken layer of language that governs how we connect with other people. It includes:

• Understanding the unspoken rules of conversation — taking turns, staying on topic, knowing when a subject has run its course

• Reading facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language to understand what someone really means

• Knowing when to speak, when to wait, and when to shift topics based on the social context

• Understanding sarcasm, idioms, humor, and implied meaning — the things people say that don't mean exactly what the words say

• Adjusting language depending on who you're talking to — a teacher, a peer, a grandparent, a stranger

For many autistic individuals, these skills do not come automatically. They have to be learned explicitly, practiced deliberately, and still require significant cognitive effort in situations where neurotypical people navigate them without thinking.

What This Looks Like in Real Life

A child who is verbal and articulate may still:

• Struggle to enter or maintain a group conversation at school

• Misread a peer's tone and respond in a way that feels "off" to others

• Take figures of speech literally and feel confused or upset by them

• Find classroom discussions overwhelming because the pace and social cues move too fast

• Come home from school completely depleted — not because anything "bad" happened, but because social navigation took everything they had

This is not a character flaw. It is not about not caring or not trying. It is a communication difference — and it deserves to be understood, supported, and accommodated rather than masked or pushed through.

Why This Myth Does Real Harm

When we assume that verbal means socially capable, we stop looking. We stop asking questions. We accept "they seem fine" as a complete answer when it isn't.

The children and adults who fall through the gap of this assumption often spend years feeling like something is wrong with them — socially exhausted, confused by relationships, wondering why connection feels so much harder for them than for everyone else. Many don't receive support until a crisis point, when earlier identification could have made an enormous difference.

Autism Acceptance Month is a good moment to move beyond surface-level observation and start asking better questions. Not just "can they talk?" but "how does conversation actually feel for them?" Not just "do they have friends?" but "what does it cost them to navigate a social day?"

What Can Be Done

Social communication is a specialty area of speech-language pathology. A comprehensive social communication evaluation can identify exactly where the challenges are and what kind of support would help — whether that is explicit social language therapy, environmental accommodations, advocacy support, or a combination.

At ThinkSpeech Therapy, we work with autistic children, teens, and adults on social communication in a way that is affirming, strengths-based, and focused on understanding — not masking. We are based in Ashburn and serve clients across Virginia via telehealth.

If something in this post resonated — for your child, your student, or yourself — we would love to connect.

When Epilepsy Affects More Than Seizures: Speech, Language and Learning in Children With Epilepsy

When a child is diagnosed with epilepsy, the immediate focus is understandably on seizure management — medications, triggers, safety plans. But for many families, there is a second layer of challenges that quietly builds over time and rarely gets the attention it deserves: the impact of epilepsy on speech, language, and learning.

As a speech-language pathologist with both personal and professional experience in this area, this is a topic I feel deeply passionate about. Children with epilepsy deserve support that addresses the whole picture — not just the neurological piece.

What the Research Tells Us

Depending on the type of epilepsy, the location of seizure activity in the brain, the frequency of seizures, and the effects of anti-epileptic medications, children can experience a wide range of cognitive and communication challenges.

Some of the most common communication and learning impacts include:

Word-Finding Difficulties

Children with epilepsy frequently experience anomia — the frustrating experience of knowing what you want to say but being unable to retrieve the word. This can look like long pauses mid-sentence, substituting vague words like "thing" or "stuff," or talking around a word they cannot access. It is often dismissed as a quirk or a confidence issue when it is actually a neurologically-based language challenge that responds well to targeted therapy.

Memory and Processing Challenges

Seizure activity — even absence seizures that last only seconds — can disrupt the encoding and retrieval of information. Children may struggle to follow multi-step directions, retain what they learned earlier in the day, or process spoken language at a typical pace. In a classroom environment, these challenges can significantly affect learning without ever being formally identified.

Slower Language Development

For some children, particularly those with early-onset epilepsy, language development may be delayed or disrupted during critical windows. Vocabulary growth, sentence structure, narrative skills, and the ability to use language flexibly in conversation can all be affected. Early identification and intervention in these areas can make a meaningful difference in long-term outcomes.

Reading and Literacy Difficulties

The relationship between language and literacy is direct and well-established. When foundational language skills are disrupted — phonological awareness, verbal memory, processing speed — reading and writing are affected too. Children with epilepsy are at elevated risk for literacy challenges that are neurological in origin, not motivational, and that deserve a structured, evidence-based response.

What Parents Can Do

If your child has epilepsy and you have noticed any of the following, a speech-language evaluation is worth pursuing:

• Struggling to find words or frequently losing their train of thought

• Difficulty following directions or remembering instructions

• Slower processing — needing extra time to respond in conversation or class

• Reading or spelling that is not keeping pace with peers

• A change in communication skills after a seizure event or medication change

These observations matter. You know your child. If something feels different, it is worth investigating — not waiting to see if it resolves on its own.

You Do Not Have to Figure This Out Alone

ThinkSpeech Therapy works with children, teens, and adults affected by epilepsy-related communication and learning challenges in Northern Virginia and via telehealth across Virginia. My commitment to this community goes beyond the therapy room. I had the honor of advocating for the Seizure Safe Schools Act in Virginia — legislation that is deeply personal to me as someone with a family member affected by epilepsy. Ensuring that children with epilepsy are safe, supported, and fully seen at school — academically and communicatively — is something I care about with my whole heart. If you are noticing language or learning difficulties in your child and want to understand what is happening and what can be done, we would love to connect.

7 Questions Every Parent Should Ask at a Dyslexia IEP Meeting

An IEP meeting for a child with dyslexia can feel overwhelming. You're sitting across from a team of educators, a document full of jargon is in front of you, and you want to advocate for your child — but you may not always know what to ask or where to push back. As a speech-language pathologist specializing in dyslexia and structured literacy in Ashburn, Northern Virginia, I work with families navigating exactly this situation. Here are seven questions that can make a real difference at your next IEP meeting.

1. Can I receive the draft IEP at least three days before the meeting?

You are never required to read a document that affects your child's entire school year for the first time at the table. Requesting the draft IEP in advance is not a difficult ask — it is your right as a parent. Reading it ahead of time means you arrive with informed questions rather than reacting in the moment. If the team is reluctant to share it early, that itself is important information.

2. Who is actually delivering the intervention — and what is their training?

This is one of the most important and most overlooked questions at any IEP meeting. A specialist writing the goal and an aide delivering it are two very different things. Ask specifically: Who will work with my child? What is their training in structured literacy? How many minutes per week will my child have direct contact with a qualified specialist? The answers will tell you a great deal about whether the IEP is designed to produce real progress.

3. What structured literacy program will be used — by name?

"We use a structured literacy approach" means nothing without specifics. Structured literacy is not a brand — it is a framework, and the quality and fidelity of implementation varies enormously. Ask for the name of the program. Orton-Gillingham, Wilson Reading System, SPIRE, and Barton are examples of well-researched, evidence-based programs. If the team cannot name the program, or describes it vaguely as "a multisensory approach," it is entirely appropriate to ask for more detail before signing anything.

4. Is phonological awareness explicitly addressed in the goals?

Many dyslexia IEPs focus on decoding and reading fluency but skip phonological awareness entirely — the foundational ability to hear and manipulate sounds in spoken words. If your child still struggles at this level, that gap needs its own goal, regardless of grade level. Phonological awareness does not automatically develop with reading instruction. It needs to be directly and systematically taught, and it should be written into the IEP explicitly.

5. Has a speech-language evaluation been completed — and are language goals included?

Dyslexia rarely travels alone. Many children with dyslexia also experience language processing difficulties, comprehension challenges, or word-finding problems that go completely unaddressed in their IEP. A speech-language pathologist can evaluate these areas and, where needed, develop goals that address the full picture of your child's learning profile. If an SLP has not been part of the evaluation or the IEP team, it is worth asking why — and whether one should be.

6. How will these goals translate into real life — not just test scores?

A child who improves on a reading assessment but still avoids reading at home, cries over homework, and tells you "I'm stupid" is not yet where they need to be. Academic scores are one data point — but confidence, independence, and reduced anxiety around reading matter just as much. Ask the team directly: how will we know this is working in your child's daily life? What does success look like outside of a testing environment? Goals that only live on paper are not enough.

7. How often will progress be measured — and what happens if it isn't working?

Goals should be monitored at least every six to nine weeks, not just reviewed at the annual IEP. Ask what data collection looks like in practice: How is progress tracked? Who reviews it? And critically — what is the plan if your child is not making adequate progress? The answer should never be "we'll discuss it at the annual review." A strong IEP includes a responsive plan, not just a waiting period.

Your child deserves an IEP that actually addresses dyslexia — not one that works around it. If you are preparing for an upcoming meeting and want support, ThinkSpeech Therapy offers evaluations and consultations for children with dyslexia in Northern Virginia and via telehealth across Virginia. You do not have to walk into that meeting alone.

We're Back — and We Have a Lot to Say

The ThinkSpeech blog has been quiet for a while, but we're back — and this time, we're showing up consistently with resources, research, and real talk about language, literacy, and learning. Whether you're a parent navigating a dyslexia diagnosis, an adult seeking answers, or an educator looking for evidence-based strategies, this space is for you. New posts every week. We're glad you're here. 💜

— Nidhi Tandon, MS CCC-SLP, SLDS

Building Fluent Readers

For many typically developing readers, fluency develops effortlessly. Once the letter sounds are mastered, decoding rules are learned and good foundation of sight word knowledge is established, a child is able to read with speed, accuracy and expression. But for struggling readers, fluency is another major hurdle on their path to becoming proficient readers.

Before we discuss how to build fluent readers, it is important to ask the questions- What is reading fluency? According to the National Reading Panel's 2000 report, "Fluent readers are able to read orally with speed, accuracy and proper expression." Unfortunately, over the past few years many educators and reading coaches have equated fluency with speed. In other words, these professionals have defined fluency as "reading fast". When children read too fast without proper tone and expression, they do not comprehend what they read and the ultimate goal of reading is comprehension. Therefore intervention to build fluent readers should target all three aspects of fluency : appropriate rate, accuracy, and expression. 

Here are 4 evidence based methods to build fluent readers:

1. Repeated Reading - First choose a passage that is easily decodable and scan the passage to identify any words that you think will be hard for the child to read. Next, explain or decode the word out of the context of the passage. Then read the story aloud to the child and have him/her follow along in the text. After you finish reading the passage, have the child read the passage aloud 4-5 times until the text is fluent. 
2. Echo Reading - choose a passage that is easily decodable. First read aloud a line and text and then ask the child to read the same line. Continue taking turns reading and rereading the same lines from the passage. 
3. Readers Theater - this is a dramatic representation of a written text in the form of a script. This strategy would be used with a group of students where each child would be assigned a reading part from a script. The students do not need props, costumes or special lighting and will simply read their part in the script with appropriate rate and expression.  Here is a link for some free readers theater scripts: http://www.teachingheart.net/readerstheater.htm
4. Contrastive Stress - A wonderful way to practice varying expression and tone, is to do an activity that shows the child how a change in stress can change the meaning of a sentence. Here are the steps: First, present the child with a sentence and ask questions about it. The child should use the sentence he/she is given to answer the question but should change the word he/she stresses, depending on the question.    

Phrase for student                   Parent stress question                Student stress reply

Tom is sleeping.                      Is Jim sleeping?                            Tom is sleeping.

                                                Is Tom swimming?                        Tom is sleeping.

Now Featuring: Toontastic!

Narrative language is known to be a critical bridge between oral language and written (or literate) language. Therefore I frequently focus on narratives during my language therapy sessions. One of my favorite apps that supports narrative development is Toontastic by Launchpad Toys. This app allows students to create their own cartoons by selecting characters, settings, music and dialogue. It guides students through the various stages of a story from the setup through the climax to the resolution. The best part is that this App is totally free! Here are some ways that you can use the App at home:

1) Read a story with your child and then ask them to make a parallel cartoon version of the story in Toontastic by retelling it in his/her own words. 

2) Select a setting, characters and a problem/conflict and have your child finish the cartoon in Toontastic with the climax and resolution. 

3) Work on descriptive words by selecting a character and a setting and having your child verbally describe the character and setting in detail. 

4) Allow your child complete freedom to create a novel cartoon with all critical story elements included. 

Welcome to the Language and Literacy blog @ ThinkSpeech

Welcome everyone to the Language and Literacy blog where I hope to share and discuss ideas, strategies and current research about literacy and language.

 I often get asked by parents "how can I supplement your sessions with practice at home?" or "are there educational games that I can buy for my child?" or "are there apps that you recommend for handwriting/letter reversals/phonological awareness/working memory?".  I will be sharing resources for both parents and other professionals on this blog. For parents, there will be recommendations for how to build vocabulary, syntax, comprehension and oral expression skills at home. For other professionals (SLP's, OT's, Sped. Teachers, Reading Specialists etc), I will share materials and resources that have proven to be very effective for therapy. Please do share your thoughts and comments. I look forward to beginning this conversation about language and literacy.